HAT+899

= Ship = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediamedia type="youtube" key="xY9FhsCikWY?version=3" height="360" width="640"

For other uses, see [|Ship (disambiguation)]. [|Italian] [|full-rigged ship] [|//Amerigo Vespucci//] in [|New York Harbor], 1976 Since the end of the [|age of sail] a **ship** has been any large [|buoyant] [|marine vessel]. Ships are generally distinguished from [|boats] based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on [|lakes], [|seas] , and [|rivers] for a variety of activities, such as the [|transport of people] or [|goods] , [|fishing] , [|entertainment] , [|public safety] , and [|warfare]. Historically, a "ship" was a vessel with sails rigged in a specific manner. Ships and boats have developed alongside mankind. In armed conflict and in daily life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for combat and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. [|[1]] Ships were key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as [|Zheng He] spread such inventions as the [|compass] and [|gunpowder]. Ships have been used for such purposes as [|colonization] and the [|slave trade], and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16th century, [|new crops] that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world's population growth. [|[2]] Maritime transport has shaped the world's economy into today's energy-intensive pattern. [ [|hide] ] * [|1 Nomenclature]
 * == Contents ==
 * [|2 History]
 * [|2.1 Prehistory and antiquity]
 * [|2.2 Renaissance]
 * [|2.3 Specialization and modernization]
 * [|2.4 Today]


 * [|3 Types of ships]
 * [|3.1 Commercial vessels]
 * [|3.2 Naval vessels]
 * [|3.3 Fishing vessels]
 * [|3.4 Weather vessels]
 * [|3.5 Inland and coastal boats]


 * [|4 Architecture]
 * [|4.1 Hull]
 * [|4.2 Propulsion systems]
 * [|4.3 Steering systems]
 * [|4.4 Holds, compartments, and the superstructure]
 * [|4.5 Equipment]


 * [|5 Design considerations]
 * [|5.1 Hydrostatics]
 * [|5.2 Hydrodynamics]


 * [|6 Lifecycle]
 * [|6.1 Design]
 * [|6.2 Construction]
 * [|6.3 Repair and conversion]
 * [|6.4 End of service]


 * [|7 Measuring ships]
 * [|8 Ship pollution]
 * [|8.1 Oil spills]
 * [|8.2 Ballast water]
 * [|8.3 Exhaust emissions]
 * [|8.4 Ship breaking]


 * [|9 Buoyancy]
 * [|10 See also]
 * [|11 Notes]
 * [|12 References] ||

[ [|edit] ] Nomenclature
Main parts of ship. **1**: [|Smokestack] or [|Funnel] ; **2**: [|Stern] ;**3**: [|Propeller] and [|Rudder] ; **4**: [|Portside] (the right side is known as [|starboard] ); **5**: [|Anchor] ; **6**: [|Bulbous bow] ; **7**: [|Bow] ; **8**: [|Deck] ;**9**: [|Superstructure]  For more details on this topic, see [|Glossary of nautical terms]. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship's ability to operate independently for extended periods. [|[3]] A commonly used [|rule of thumb] is that if one vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. [|[4]] [|Dinghies] are carried on [|sailing yachts] as small as 35 feet (10.67 m), clearly not ships; this rule of thumb is not foolproof. In the [|age of sail], a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full [|bowsprit] ; other types of vessel were also defined by their [|sailplan] , e.g. [|barque] , [|brigantine] , etc. A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. [|Submarines] are a prime example. [|[5]] Other types of large vessel which are traditionally called boats are the [|Great Lakes freighter], the [|riverboat] , and the [|ferryboat] .[// [|citation needed] //] Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters. In most maritime traditions ships have [|individual names], and modern ships may belong to a [|ship class] often named after its first ship. In English, a ship is traditionally referred to as "she", even if named after a man, but this is not universal usage; some journalistic [|style guides] advise using "it", [|[6]] others advise "she" and "her". [|[7]][|[8]]

[ [|edit] ] History
Further information: [|Maritime history]

[ [|edit] ] Prehistory and antiquity
A [|raft] is among the simplest boat designs. The first known vessels date back to the [|Neolithic Period], about 10,000 years ago, but could not be described as ships. The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as [|sails]. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat, these sails gave early ships range. This allowed men to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement of [|Oceania] about 3,000 years ago. By around [|3000 BC], [|Ancient Egyptians] knew how to assemble wooden planks into a [|hull]. [|[9]] They used woven [|straps] to lash the planks together, [|[9]] and [|reeds] or [|grass] stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. [|[9]][|[10]] The [|Greek] [|historian] and [|geographer] [|Agatharchides] had documented ship-faring among the early [|Egyptians] : //"During the prosperous period of the [|Old Kingdom], between the [|30th] and [|25th centuries B. C.] , the [|river] -routes were kept in order, and [|Egyptian] ships sailed the [|Red Sea] as far as the [|myrrh] -country."// [|[11]] [|Sneferu] 's ancient cedar wood ship [|Praise of the Two Lands] is the first reference recorded (2613 BCE ) to a ship being referred to by name. [|[12]] The [|ancient Egyptians] were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their [|shipbuilding] skills was the [|Khufu ship], a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of the [|Great Pyramid of Giza] around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954. According to [|Herodotus], the Egyptians made the first circumnavigation of Africa around 600 BC. It is known that ancient [|Nubia] / [|Axum] traded with [|India] , and there is evidence that ships from Northeast Africa may have sailed back and forth between India/Sri Lanka and Nubia trading goods and even to [|Persia] , Himyar and [|Rome]. [|[13]] [|Aksum] was known by the [|Greeks] for having seaports for ships from Greece and [|Yemen]. [|[14]] Elsewhere in Northeast Africa, the [|Periplus of the Red Sea] reports that [|Somalis], through their northern ports such as [|Zeila] and [|Berbera] , were trading [|frankincense] and other items with the inhabitants of the [|Arabian Peninsula] well before the arrival of [|Islam] as well as with then [|Roman] -controlled [|Egypt]. [|[15]] A panel found at [|Mohenjodaro], depicted a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types Their construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on shipbuilding. This treatise gives a technical exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding. It sets forth minute details about the various types of ships, their sizes,and the materials from which they were built. The Yukti Kalpa Taru sums up in a condensed form all the available information. The Yukti Kalpa Taru gives sufficient information and dates to prove that, in ancient times, Indian shipbuilders had a good knowledge of the materials which were used in building ships. In addition to describing the qualities of the different types of wood and their suitability for shipbuilding, the Yukti Kalpa Taru gives an elaborate classification of ships based on their size. By about 2000 BC, the [|Minoan civilization] in [|Crete] had evolved into a naval power exercising effective control of the sea in the eastern [|Mediterranean]. [|[16]] The [|Phoenicians] and [|Greeks] gradually mastered navigation at sea aboard [|triremes], exploring and colonizing the [|Mediterranean] via ship. Around 340 BC, the Greek [|navigator] [|Pytheas of Massalia] ventured from Greece to [|Western Europe] and [|Great Britain]. [|[17]] In the course of the 2nd century BC, [|Rome] went on to destroy [|Carthage] and subdue the [|Hellenistic] kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean, achieving complete mastery of the inland sea, that they called // [|Mare Nostrum] //. The [|monsoon] wind system of the [|Indian Ocean] was first sailed by Greek navigator [|Eudoxus of Cyzicus] in 118 BC. [|[18]] With 300 Greek ships a year sailing between [|Roman Empire] and India, the annual trade may have reached 300,000 tons. [|[19]] In China, by the time of the [|Zhou Dynasty] ship technologies such as stern mounted [|rudders] were developed, and by the [|Han Dynasty], a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military. Ship technology advanced to the point where by the medieval period, water tight compartments were developed. Roman [|trireme] mosaic from Carthage, [|Bardo Museum], [|Tunis]. The [|Swahili people] had various extensive trading ports dotting the coast of medieval East Africa and [|Great Zimbabwe] had extensive trading contacts with [|Central Africa], and likely also imported goods brought to Africa through the Southeast African shore trade of [|Kilwa] in modern-day [|Tanzania]. [|[20]] It is known by historians that at its height the [|Mali Empire] built a large naval fleet under Emperor [|Mansa Musa] in the late 13th and early 14th century. [|[21]] Arabic sources describe what some consider to be visits to the New World by a Mali fleet in 1311. [|[22]] The [|Battle of Lepanto], 1571, naval engagement between allied Christian forces and the [|Ottoman Turks]. Before the introduction of the compass, [|celestial navigation] was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the [|magnetic compass] were being developed and used in navigation between 1040 and 1117. [|[23]] The true mariner's [|compass], using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was developed in [|Europe] no later than 1300. [|[24]][|[25]]

[ [|edit] ] Renaissance
Until the [|Renaissance], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [|Genoa] and [|Venice], [|Hanseatic League] , and the [|Byzantine navy]. The [|Vikings] used their [|knarrs] to explore [|North America], trade in the [|Baltic Sea] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe. A replica of the [|carrack] [|//Santa María//] of [|Christopher Columbus]  Towards the end of the 14th century, ships like the [|carrack] began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the 15th century, the [|caravel], designed by the [|Portuguese] , based on the Arabic //qarib// which could sail closer to the wind, became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the [|forecastle] and [|sterncastle], as in the carrack [|//Santa María//] of [|Christopher Columbus]. This increased [|freeboard] allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it. A Japanese [|atakebune] from the 16th century In the 16th century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [|galleons]. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [|Spanish Armada]. At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. [|Japan] used defensive naval techniques in the [|Mongol invasions of Japan] in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. During the 15th century, China's [|Ming Dynasty] assembled one of the largest and most powerful naval fleet in the world for the diplomatic and power projection voyages of [|Zheng He]. Elsewhere in Korea in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, the [|turtle ship], was also developed. In Japan, during the [|Sengoku era] from the fifteenth to 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [|atakebune]. [|Model] of a medieval [|Mogadishan] ship. During the [|Age of the Ajuuraan], the [|Somali] [|sultanates] and [|republics] of [|Merca] , [|Mogadishu] , [|Barawa] , [|Hobyo] and their respective ports flourished, enjoying a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and coming from [|Arabia] , [|India] , [|Venetia] , [|[26]] [|Persia] , [|Egypt] , [|Portugal] and as far away as [|China]. In the 16th century, [|Duarte Barbosa] noted that many ships from the [|Kingdom of Cambaya] in what is modern-day [|India] sailed to Mogadishu with [|cloth] and [|spices], for which they in return received [|gold] , [|wax] and [|ivory]. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of [|meat], [|wheat] , [|barley] , [|horses] , and [|fruit] on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants. [|[27]] Middle Age [|Swahili Kingdoms] are known to have had trade port islands and trade routes [|[28]] with the Islamic world and Asia and were described by Greek historians as "metropolises". [|[29]] Famous African trade ports such as [|Mombasa], [|Zanzibar] , and [|Kilwa][|[30]] were known to Chinese sailors such as [|Zheng He] and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyager [|Abu Abdullah ibn Battua]. [|[31]] In the 14th century CE King [|Abubakari I], the brother of King [|Mansa Musa] of the [|Mali Empire] is thought to have had a great armada of ships sitting on the coast of [|West Africa]. [|[32]] This is corroborated by ibn Battuta himself who recalls several hundred Malian ships off the coast. [|[33]] This has led to great speculation, with historical evidence, that it is possible that Malian sailors may have reached the coast of [|Pre-Columbian] America under the rule of [|Abubakari II], nearly two hundred years before Christopher Columbus [|[34]] and that [|black traders may have been in the Americas before Columbus]. [|[35]] Replica of Magellan’s // [|Victoria] //. [|Ferdinand Magellan] led the first expedition that [|circumnavigated] the globe in 1519-1522. Fifty years before [|Christopher Columbus], Chinese navigator [|Zheng He] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were 130 metres (430 ft) long and had a beam of 55 metres (180 ft). His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor. The [|carrack] and then the [|caravel] were developed in [|Iberia]. After Columbus, [|European exploration] rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. [|[36]] In 1498, by reaching India, [|Vasco da Gama] proved that the access to the [|Indian Ocean] from the [|Atlantic] was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by [|France], [|England] and the [|Netherlands] , who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the [|Pacific Ocean] , reaching [|Australia] in 1606 and [|New Zealand] in 1642. [|[37]] A major sea power, the [|Dutch] in 1650 owned 16,000 merchant ships. [|[38]] In the 17th century Dutch explorers such as [|Abel Tasman] explored the coasts of Australia, while in the 18th century it was British explorer [|James Cook] who mapped much of [|Polynesia].